![]() In silico analyses revealed that 1 ATP synthase is H +-dependent and the other Na +-dependent, which was validated by biochemical analyses. Here, we show that the strictly anaerobic rumen bacterium Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis possesses 2 ATP synthases and 2 distinct respiratory enzymes, the ferredoxin: N A D + oxidoreductase (Rnf complex) and the energy-converting hydrogenase (Ech complex). ![]() In microorganisms, this ion gradient is usually composed of H +, but it can also be composed of Na +. ![]() During chemiosmosis, a transmembrane electrochemical ion gradient is harnessed by a rotary ATP synthase to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate to ATP. Chemiosmosis and substrate-level phosphorylation are the 2 mechanisms employed to form the biological energy currency adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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